How does my teenager grow and develop between ages 15 and 18?

The ages between 15 and 18 are a time of discovery for both teens and parents. However, these years can be as challenging as they are exciting. Many teens have periods of fluctuating emotions, as they have a tendency to base their worth on unrealistic comparisons, such as media images of the ideal body. Self-image is also influenced by success in sports and school, peer relationships, and how well they are meeting the expectations of their parents.

For parents, the teen years are a time to adapt to this growing young person. Teens, although maturing, still need a parent's love and guidance. Fortunately, most teens tackle these years with few problems, especially those who have done well up to this time and have had good support from their parents.

The main areas of development between ages 15 and 18 can be grouped into four general categories:

• Physical development. By age 15, most teens have entered puberty, and girls are near their adult height as they usually have completed the phase of rapid growth that precedes the first menstrual period. Boys, however, usually continue growing taller and gaining weight.
• Cognitive development. Teens gradually develop the ability to think in more sophisticated, abstract ways-perceiving issues in shades of gray instead of black and white, and gaining a better understanding of concepts like morality, consequence, objectivity, and empathy. It can sometimes be difficult to deal with teens during this time because, although they understand that others have differing viewpoints, they often firmly believe their perception is the most true or valid.
• Emotional and social development. The questions "Who am I?" and "How do I fit in?" guide much of teens' emotional and social development. It is normal for teens' emotions to shift frequently with good and bad days.
• Sensory and motor development. After puberty, boys' strength and agility continues to develop, while that of teen girls tends to level out. However, regular physical activity helps improve strength and coordination in both sexes.

When are routine medical visits needed?

Your teenager should have a routine physical examination each year. During these visits, the health professional assesses your teen's physical well-being and asks questions to determine his or her social, academic, relationship, and mental health status. Your teen will also be given needed immunizations. Consider allowing your teen time during the visit to talk with the doctor privately.

Teenagers should also have annual dental checkups.

When should I call my health professional?

Call your health professional any time you have a concern about your child's physical or emotional health, such as delayed growth or puberty, changes in appetite, body image problems, behavioral problems, school absenteeism, or suspected substance abuse.

How can I help my teenager during these years?